![]() Biofilm contains a group of microorganisms irreversibly attached to and grow on a surface. Bacteria try to switch this planktonic form to biofilm due to a number of advantages which includes protection against environmental stresses such as extreme pH, oxygen, osmotic shock, heat, freezing, UV radiation, predators, etc. Planktonic forms are the free-living forms of bacteria. Biofilms are different from the planktonic form of bacteria. Biofilms are the group of microorganisms living within a self-produced matrix of polymeric substances which get attached to several surfaces. This is possible due to the development of biofilm. Microorganisms exist in nature primarily attached to biotic and abiotic surfaces. ![]() This article discusses the biofilm structure, phenomenon of biofilm formation, signaling, and pathogenicity to highlight the understanding of processes involved in biofilm formation. QS and EPS make the bacteria resistant to various antibiotics, which make the eradication difficult and hence requires more effective treatment. ![]() QS involves a two-component signaling process which is different for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria respond to these AIs results in an alteration of gene expression, which results in the release of various virulence factors. AI concentration increases as the bacterial population increases. In QS, bacteria produce various signaling molecules called Auto-inducers (AI). QS is the regulation of gene expression in bacteria with respect to changes in cell population density. In biofilms, cells communicate via Quorum Sensing (QS). Biofilms can be monospecies or multispecies. Biofilm formation is a five-step process. These EPS substance makes it difficult to eradicate the biofilm present on the surface. These biofilms live in a self-sustained matrix and produce different substances called extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which are responsible for the pathogenicity of a number of bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, etc. Biofilms are the communities of microorganisms, especially bacteria attached to a biotic or abiotic surface.
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